Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity

Hope Chinyere Nwune; Mohammed Adamu Milala; Hassan Zanna

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13

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Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A₂ Activity

Hope Chinyere Nwune, Mohammed Adamu Milala, Hassan Zanna

Published in American Journal of BioScience (Volume 5, Issue 3)

Received: 16 February 2017 Accepted: 27 March 2017 Published: 27 May 2017

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Abstract

Aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera was investigated for inhibitory activity against Bitis arietans venom protease and phospholipase A₂ activity. The elemental analysis and phytochemical screening of the plant extract were carried out. The activities of protease and phospholipase A₂ (V_o) of the crude Bitis arietans venom was determined and the data obtained was used to estimate K_M, V_max and K_cat. Inhibition studies were carried out using the same procedure except that different concentrations of the extracts (5%, 10%, 15% for protease assay and 0.5%, 0.75%, 10%, 1.25% and 1.5% for phospholipase A₂ assay) were added to the reaction mixture. The result showed that the Bitis arietans venom protease had a V_max of 0.062 ± 0.013 µmol/min, K_M of 0.496 ± 0.095mg/ml and a K_cat of 0.125 ± 0.001min^-1. The result also indicates that the Bitis arietans phospholipase A₂ had a V_max of 3.27 ± 0.030min^-1, K_M of 8.358 ± 0.050 mg/ml and K_cat of 0.391 ± 0.002min^-. The aqueous stem extract produced a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the V_max, K_M and K_cat of the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A₂ in a dose dependent manner and a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in the V_max, K_M and K_cat of Bitis arietans protease in a dose dependent manner. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids in the extract while the elemental analysis revealed the presence of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Fe and Na. The result suggests that aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera inhibited the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A₂ in an uncompetitive manner while the protease activity was stimulated by the extracts. It was observed that the use of the stem of Achyranthes aspera may be important in the treatment of snake bites.

Published in	American Journal of BioScience (Volume 5, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13
Page(s)	54-58
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Achyranthes aspera, Bitis arietans, Antivenom, Protease, Phospholipase A₂

References

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APA Style

Hope Chinyere Nwune, Mohammed Adamu Milala, Hassan Zanna. (2017). Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity. American Journal of BioScience, 5(3), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13

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ACS Style

Hope Chinyere Nwune; Mohammed Adamu Milala; Hassan Zanna. Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity. Am. J. BioScience 2017, 5(3), 54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13

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AMA Style

Hope Chinyere Nwune, Mohammed Adamu Milala, Hassan Zanna. Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity. Am J BioScience. 2017;5(3):54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13,
  author = {Hope Chinyere Nwune and Mohammed Adamu Milala and Hassan Zanna},
  title = {Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity},
  journal = {American Journal of BioScience},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {54-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbio.20170503.13},
  abstract = {Aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera was investigated for inhibitory activity against Bitis arietans venom protease and phospholipase A2 activity. The elemental analysis and phytochemical screening of the plant extract were carried out. The activities of protease and phospholipase A2 (Vo) of the crude Bitis arietans venom was determined and the data obtained was used to estimate KM, Vmax and Kcat. Inhibition studies were carried out using the same procedure except that different concentrations of the extracts (5%, 10%, 15% for protease assay and 0.5%, 0.75%, 10%, 1.25% and 1.5% for phospholipase A2 assay) were added to the reaction mixture. The result showed that the Bitis arietans venom protease had a Vmax of 0.062 ± 0.013 µmol/min, KM of 0.496 ± 0.095mg/ml and a Kcat of 0.125 ± 0.001min-1. The result also indicates that the Bitis arietans phospholipase A2 had a Vmax of 3.27 ± 0.030min-1, KM of 8.358 ± 0.050 mg/ml and Kcat of 0.391 ± 0.002min-. The aqueous stem extract produced a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in a dose dependent manner and a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of Bitis arietans protease in a dose dependent manner. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids in the extract while the elemental analysis revealed the presence of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Fe and Na. The result suggests that aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera inhibited the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in an uncompetitive manner while the protease activity was stimulated by the extracts. It was observed that the use of the stem of Achyranthes aspera may be important in the treatment of snake bites.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity
AU  - Hope Chinyere Nwune
AU  - Mohammed Adamu Milala
AU  - Hassan Zanna
Y1  - 2017/05/27
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13
T2  - American Journal of BioScience
JF  - American Journal of BioScience
JO  - American Journal of BioScience
SP  - 54
EP  - 58
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0167
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13
AB  - Aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera was investigated for inhibitory activity against Bitis arietans venom protease and phospholipase A2 activity. The elemental analysis and phytochemical screening of the plant extract were carried out. The activities of protease and phospholipase A2 (Vo) of the crude Bitis arietans venom was determined and the data obtained was used to estimate KM, Vmax and Kcat. Inhibition studies were carried out using the same procedure except that different concentrations of the extracts (5%, 10%, 15% for protease assay and 0.5%, 0.75%, 10%, 1.25% and 1.5% for phospholipase A2 assay) were added to the reaction mixture. The result showed that the Bitis arietans venom protease had a Vmax of 0.062 ± 0.013 µmol/min, KM of 0.496 ± 0.095mg/ml and a Kcat of 0.125 ± 0.001min-1. The result also indicates that the Bitis arietans phospholipase A2 had a Vmax of 3.27 ± 0.030min-1, KM of 8.358 ± 0.050 mg/ml and Kcat of 0.391 ± 0.002min-. The aqueous stem extract produced a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in a dose dependent manner and a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of Bitis arietans protease in a dose dependent manner. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids in the extract while the elemental analysis revealed the presence of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Fe and Na. The result suggests that aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera inhibited the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in an uncompetitive manner while the protease activity was stimulated by the extracts. It was observed that the use of the stem of Achyranthes aspera may be important in the treatment of snake bites.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Hope Chinyere Nwune

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Mohammed Adamu Milala

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Hassan Zanna

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

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Hope Chinyere Nwune, Mohammed Adamu Milala, Hassan Zanna. (2017). Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity. American Journal of BioScience, 5(3), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13

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ACS Style

Hope Chinyere Nwune; Mohammed Adamu Milala; Hassan Zanna. Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity. Am. J. BioScience 2017, 5(3), 54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13

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AMA Style

Hope Chinyere Nwune, Mohammed Adamu Milala, Hassan Zanna. Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity. Am J BioScience. 2017;5(3):54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13,
  author = {Hope Chinyere Nwune and Mohammed Adamu Milala and Hassan Zanna},
  title = {Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity},
  journal = {American Journal of BioScience},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {54-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajbio.20170503.13},
  abstract = {Aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera was investigated for inhibitory activity against Bitis arietans venom protease and phospholipase A2 activity. The elemental analysis and phytochemical screening of the plant extract were carried out. The activities of protease and phospholipase A2 (Vo) of the crude Bitis arietans venom was determined and the data obtained was used to estimate KM, Vmax and Kcat. Inhibition studies were carried out using the same procedure except that different concentrations of the extracts (5%, 10%, 15% for protease assay and 0.5%, 0.75%, 10%, 1.25% and 1.5% for phospholipase A2 assay) were added to the reaction mixture. The result showed that the Bitis arietans venom protease had a Vmax of 0.062 ± 0.013 µmol/min, KM of 0.496 ± 0.095mg/ml and a Kcat of 0.125 ± 0.001min-1. The result also indicates that the Bitis arietans phospholipase A2 had a Vmax of 3.27 ± 0.030min-1, KM of 8.358 ± 0.050 mg/ml and Kcat of 0.391 ± 0.002min-. The aqueous stem extract produced a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in a dose dependent manner and a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of Bitis arietans protease in a dose dependent manner. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids in the extract while the elemental analysis revealed the presence of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Fe and Na. The result suggests that aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera inhibited the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in an uncompetitive manner while the protease activity was stimulated by the extracts. It was observed that the use of the stem of Achyranthes aspera may be important in the treatment of snake bites.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Aqueous Stem Extract of Achyranthes aspera on Bitis arietans Venom Protease and Phospholipase A2 Activity
AU  - Hope Chinyere Nwune
AU  - Mohammed Adamu Milala
AU  - Hassan Zanna
Y1  - 2017/05/27
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13
T2  - American Journal of BioScience
JF  - American Journal of BioScience
JO  - American Journal of BioScience
SP  - 54
EP  - 58
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0167
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20170503.13
AB  - Aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera was investigated for inhibitory activity against Bitis arietans venom protease and phospholipase A2 activity. The elemental analysis and phytochemical screening of the plant extract were carried out. The activities of protease and phospholipase A2 (Vo) of the crude Bitis arietans venom was determined and the data obtained was used to estimate KM, Vmax and Kcat. Inhibition studies were carried out using the same procedure except that different concentrations of the extracts (5%, 10%, 15% for protease assay and 0.5%, 0.75%, 10%, 1.25% and 1.5% for phospholipase A2 assay) were added to the reaction mixture. The result showed that the Bitis arietans venom protease had a Vmax of 0.062 ± 0.013 µmol/min, KM of 0.496 ± 0.095mg/ml and a Kcat of 0.125 ± 0.001min-1. The result also indicates that the Bitis arietans phospholipase A2 had a Vmax of 3.27 ± 0.030min-1, KM of 8.358 ± 0.050 mg/ml and Kcat of 0.391 ± 0.002min-. The aqueous stem extract produced a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in a dose dependent manner and a statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in the Vmax, KM and Kcat of Bitis arietans protease in a dose dependent manner. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids in the extract while the elemental analysis revealed the presence of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Fe and Na. The result suggests that aqueous stem extract of Achyranthes aspera inhibited the Bitis arietans venom phospholipase A2 in an uncompetitive manner while the protease activity was stimulated by the extracts. It was observed that the use of the stem of Achyranthes aspera may be important in the treatment of snake bites.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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