‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’

Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova

Published in Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 6)

Received: 16 November 2014 Accepted: 30 November 2014 Published: 15 December 2014

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Abstract

Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds. Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.

Published in	Journal of Plant Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14
Page(s)	282-292
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Plant Morphology, Plant Evolution, Flowering Plants, Angiosperm Phylogeny, Angiosperm Paleobotany

References

[1]	V. Krassilov, and S. Barinova, “Carpel – fruit in a coniferous genus Araucaria and the enigma of angiosperm origin,” Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 2 (5), pp.159–166, 2014.
[2]	D. W. Brett, “The inflorescence of Fagus and Castanea and the evolution of the cupules of the Fagaceae,” New Phytologist, vol. 63, pp. 90–118, 1964.
[3]	L. Forman, “On the evolution of cupules in the Fagaceae,” Kew Bull., vol. 118, pp. 385–419, 1966.
[4]	G. Prenner, and P. J. Rudall, “Comparative ontogeny of the cyathium in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its allies: exploring the organ–flower–inflorescence boundary,” Am. J. Bot., vol. 94 (10), pp. 1612–1629, October 2007.
[5]	A. B. Bobrov, A. P. Melikyan, and M. C. Romanov, Morphogenesis of carpels in the Magnoliophyta, Moscow, Librocom, 2009, 400 pp. (in Russian).
[6]	M. Hickey, and C. King, 100 families of flowering plants, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988, 619 pp.
[7]	V. H. Heywood, Ed., Flowering plants of the world. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, 335 pp.
[8]	E. M. Mayr, and A. Weber, “Calceolariaceae: Floral development and systematic implications,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 93(3), pp. 327–343, 2006.
[9]	J. A. Doyle, and C. I. Hotton, “Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context,” in S. Blackmore, and S. H. Barnes, Eds., Pollen and spores: patterns of diversification, pp. 169–195, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991.
[10]	V. A. Krassilov, Angiosperm origins: morphological and ecological aspects. Pensoft, Sophia, 1997, 270 pp.
[11]	V. Krassilov, “Fossil record of angiosperm origin: new evidence and interpretation,” Chapter 2, in Horizons in Earth Science Research, vol. 8, pp. 39–92, New York, Nova Publishers, 2012.
[12]	V. A. Krassilov, A. P. Rasnitsyn, and S. A. Afonin, “Pollen eaters and pollen morphology in Paleozoic and Mesozoic plants,” Proc. Fossils X 3 Congress, Pretoria. African Invertebrates, vol. 48 (1), pp. 13–22, 2007.
[13]	P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, M. W. Chase, P. K. Endres, and P. R. Crane, “The diversification of flowering plants”, in J. Cracraft, and M. J. Donoghue, Assembling the tree of life, pp.154–167, Oxford, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 2004.
[14]	M. S. Romanov, and D. L. Dilcher, “Fruit structure in Magnoliaceae s.l. and Archaeanthus and their relationships,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 100 (8), pp. 1494–1508, 2013.
[15]	V. A. Krassilov, and E. V. Bugdaeva, “An angiosperm cradle community and new proangiosperm taxa,” Acta Palaeobot., Suppl. 2, pp. 111–127, 1999.
[16]	V. A. Krassilov, and E. V. Bugdaeva, “Gnetophyte assemblage from the Early Cretaceous of Transbaikalia,” Palaeontographica, Abt. B, vol. 253, pp. 139–151, 2000.
[17]	V. A. Vakhrameev, and V. A. Krassilov, “Reproductive organs of angiosperms from the Albian of Kazakhstan,” Palaeontological J. (Moscow), vol. 1, pp. 121–128, 1979. (in Russian).
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Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. (2014). ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(6), 282-292. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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ACS Style

Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova. ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. J. Plant Sci. 2014, 2(6), 282-292. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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AMA Style

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. J Plant Sci. 2014;2(6):282-292. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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@article{10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14,
  author = {Valentin Krassilov and Sophia Barinova},
  title = {‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’},
  journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {282-292},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20140206.14},
  abstract = {Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds.  Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’
AU  - Valentin Krassilov
AU  - Sophia Barinova
Y1  - 2014/12/15
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14
T2  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JF  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JO  - Journal of Plant Sciences
SP  - 282
EP  - 292
PB  - Science Publishing Group
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AB  - Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds.  Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Valentin Krassilov

Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Sophia Barinova

Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

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APA Style

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. (2014). ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(6), 282-292. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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ACS Style

Valentin Krassilov; Sophia Barinova. ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. J. Plant Sci. 2014, 2(6), 282-292. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

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AMA Style

Valentin Krassilov, Sophia Barinova. ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’. J Plant Sci. 2014;2(6):282-292. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14,
  author = {Valentin Krassilov and Sophia Barinova},
  title = {‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’},
  journal = {Journal of Plant Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {282-292},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jps.20140206.14},
  abstract = {Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds.  Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - ‘Flower’ of Magnolia Grandiflora is not Flower and What about ‘Basal Angiosperms’
AU  - Valentin Krassilov
AU  - Sophia Barinova
Y1  - 2014/12/15
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14
T2  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JF  - Journal of Plant Sciences
JO  - Journal of Plant Sciences
SP  - 282
EP  - 292
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2331-0731
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.14
AB  - Gynoecial morphology of Magnolia grandiflora is revised, with ‘follicles’ reinterpreted as condensed branching systems forming a flower-like syncupulate infructescence (‘secondary flower). Flowers appear on the main axis in the axils or on basal ramifications of gynoecial paracladia, those developing into fruits being incased by glandular calyptras, commonly perceived as seeds.  Fruit wall is formed of zygomorphic corolla tube with persistent calyx and petaloid tepals, containing a solitary inverted seed in the fertile locule, with analogies in diverse ‘eudicots’. These findings imply a reconsideration of ‘basal angiosperms’.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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